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The Cathedral of Vasily the Blessed ((ロシア語:Собор Василия Блаженного)), commonly known as Saint Basil's Cathedral, is a church in Red Square in Moscow, Russia. The building, now a museum, is officially known as the Cathedral of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat ((ロシア語:Собор Покрова пресвятой Богородицы, что на Рву)) or Pokrovsky Cathedral ((ロシア語:Покровский собор)). It was built from 1555–61 on orders from Ivan the Terrible and commemorates the capture of Kazan and Astrakhan. A world famous landmark,〔Brunov, p. 27〕〔 it was the city's tallest building until the completion of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower in 1600.〔Brunov, p. 39〕 The original building, known as ''Trinity Church'' and later ''Trinity Cathedral'', contained eight side churches arranged around the ninth, central church of Intercession; the tenth church was erected in 1588 over the grave of venerated local saint Vasily (Basil). In the 16th and 17th centuries, the church, perceived as the earthly symbol of the Heavenly City,〔 as happens to all churches in Byzantine Christianity, was popularly known as the "Jerusalem" and served as an allegory of the Jerusalem Temple in the annual Palm Sunday parade attended by the Patriarch of Moscow and the tsar.〔A concise English history of evolution of the church's names is provided in Shvidkovsky 2007 p. 126〕 The building is shaped as a flame of a bonfire rising into the sky,〔Brunov, p. 100〕 a design that has no analogues in Russian architecture. Dmitry Shvidkovsky, in his book ''Russian Architecture and the West'', states that "it is like no other Russian building. Nothing similar can be found in the entire millennium of Byzantine tradition from the fifth to fifteenth century ... a strangeness that astonishes by its unexpectedness, complexity and dazzling interleaving of the manifold details of its design."〔Shvidkovsky 2007, p. 126〕 The cathedral foreshadowed the climax of Russian national architecture in the 17th century.〔Shvidkovsky 2007, p. 140〕 As part of the program of state atheism, the church was confiscated from the Russian Orthodox community as part of the Soviet Union's anti-theist campaigns and has operated as a division of the State Historical Museum since 1928.〔 It was completely and forcefully secularized in 1929〔 and remains a federal property of the Russian Federation. The church has been part of the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1990.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow (WHS card) )〕 It is occasionally mislabeled as the Kremlin owing to its location on Red Square in immediate proximity of the Kremlin.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=St. Basil's Cahtedral )〕 ==Construction under Ivan IV== The site of the church had been, historically, a busy marketplace between the St. Frol's (later Saviour's) Gate of the Moscow Kremlin and the outlying posad. The centre of the marketplace was marked by the Trinity Church, built of the same white stone as the Kremlin of Dmitry Donskoy (1366–68) and its cathedrals. Tsar Ivan IV marked every victory of the Russo-Kazan War by erecting a wooden memorial church next to the walls of Trinity Church; by the end of his Astrakhan campaign, it was shrouded within a cluster of seven wooden churches. According to the sketchy report in Nikon's Chronicle, in the autumn of 1554 Ivan ordered construction of the wooden Church of Intercession on the same site, "on the moat".〔 One year later, Ivan ordered construction of a new stone cathedral on the site of Trinity Church that would commemorate his campaigns. Dedication of a church to a military victory was "a major innovation"〔 for Muscovy. The placement of the church outside of the Kremlin walls was a political statement in favour of posad commoners and against hereditary boyars.〔Brunov, p. 41〕 Contemporary commentators clearly identified the new building as Trinity Church, after its easternmost sanctuary;〔Kudryavtsev, p. 72〕 the status of "sobor" (large assembly church) has not been bestowed on it yet: The identity of the architect is unknown.〔Shvidkovsky 2007, p. 139〕 Tradition held that the church was built by two architects, Barma and Postnik:〔〔 the official Russian cultural heritage register lists "Barma and Postnik Yakovlev". Researchers proposed that both names refer to the same person, Postnik Yakovlev〔 or, alternatively, Ivan Yakovlevich Barma (Varfolomey).〔 Legend held that Ivan blinded the architect so that he could not re-create the masterpiece elsewhere,〔Perrier, pp. 96-97〕〔Watkin, p. 103〕 although the real Postnik Yakovlev remained active at least throughout the 1560s.〔List of federally protected buildings, cited above, names Postnik Yakovlev and Ivan Shiryay the builders of the new Kazan Kremlin, 1555-1568.〕 There is evidence that construction involved stonemasons from Pskov〔Brumfield, p. 94〕 and German lands.〔 According to the legend, Ivan had ordered Postnik Yakovlev's eyes removed. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Saint Basil's Cathedral」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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